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Canada is the second largest country in the world by area of ​​9,984,670 km2 after Russia, occupies the northern part of North America. It runs east-west from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and north to the Arctic Ocean, where his motto A mari usque ad mare (from sea to sea the other). It shares land borders with the United States to the south and northwest (Alaska). The country is more precisely a federation composed of ten provinces and three territories.
The French explorer Jacques Cartier landed in 1534 in the Bay of Gaspé. Canada takes its origin as a French colony in the territory of the present city of Quebec was founded by Samuel de Champlain in 1608 in the valley of the St. Lawrence River. The area was first occupied by indigenous peoples with whom the French developed diplomatic relations. French colonization take until the British conquest in 1763, 90,000 French settlers in North America. After the Conquest, the British appropriate the lands of New France. Then began a period of British colonization, mainly due to the arrival of Loyalist settlers from New England after the American Revolution. Later, in 1867, the British create the Dominion of Canada, a federal state born of the union of three British colonies united Canada, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. The Act of the British North America Act, 1867, a British law including the majority of the Constitution, will be repatriated in 1982 to give a constitution to Canada. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, Canada is a federation of ten provinces and three territories, each of which has its premier and legislature. The country gained its independence from the United Kingdom, and peacefully, in a process that is spread from 1867 to 1982.
Canada is a constitutional monarchy (Commonwealth realm) parliamentary system, defining itself as a bilingual and multicultural nation, French and English are of equal status, the official languages. Industrialized and technologically advanced nation, its diversified economy relies mainly on its abundant natural resources and trade conducted largely with the United States, a country with a complex relationship which continues since colonial times and the beginnings of modern Canada .
Quebec is the only province to be strong francophone majority (just under 80% of Quebecers whose mother tongue is French) and whose sole official language is French, while New Brunswick is the only bilingual province legally. The other eight provinces are inhabited by large majorities English, but each is inhabited by Francophone communities of various sizes. The Yukon Territory is officially bilingual (French and English). The Northwest Territories and Nunavut which it is derived, recognized 11 official languages, including French, English and many languages ​​Dene and Inuit. In 2006, there were about 9.6 million Canadians (30.7% of the population) can speak French, while 26.6 million (85%) were able to speak English